Off-on type fluorescent NBD-probe for selective sensing of cysteine and homocysteine over glutathione

Abstract

NBD-chloride is widely used as an efficient probe for selective labelling of thiols in proteins due to formation sulfur-substituted NBD under physiological conditions. Selective conjugation involving thiolate group is favoured over amines of proteins because, amino-substituted NBD can be formed only under more basic and elevated temperature conditions. Sulfur-substituted NBDs generally display weak fluorescence properties compared to amino-substituted derivatives. However, a sulfur-substituted NBD can be converted to corresponding amino-substituted derivative via S-N Smiles rearrangement. Theoretical calculations predicted off-fluorescence state for either the probe or the sulfur-substituted NBD formed upon addition of cysteine. On-fluorescence state was predicted for corresponding amino-substituted NBD derivative. Based on UV–vis and fluorescence spectroscopic studies, most efficient rearrangement was observed for cysteine. The rearrangement was relatively slower for homocysteine and not feasible for glutathione. Detection of cysteine and homocysteine by the probe resulted in 1599- and 760-fold off-on fluorescence enhancements, respectively. Sensing of cysteine by the probe provided a detection limit of 2.0 × 10−8 M. The sensing of intracellular cysteine by the probe was also demonstrated by live cell imaging.