Abstract:
With the rapid expansion of the nuclear industry, the safe and efficient management of nuclear waste has emerged as a pressing global imperative that is crucial for protecting both the environment and future generations. The release of hazardous radionuclides such as uranium (U), americium (Am), technetium (Tc), rhenium (Re), iodine (I), selenium (Se), thorium (Th), cesium (Cs), and strontium (Sr) into the environment may pose serious threats to human health and can significantly disrupt the ecological balance. Addressing these issues requires the development of advanced materials capable of selectively adsorbing these hazardous radionuclides. This review highlights the potential of modular advanced functional porous materials (AFPMs), specifically those based on metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and porous organic polymers (POPs), as the next-generation adsorbents for radionuclide remediation. We provide comprehensive outlines of the modular porous materials along with an in-depth analysis of their adsorption efficiency, selectivity, stability, and reusability, offering insights into their sorption mechanisms and structural advantages. Furthermore, we discuss the latest advancements in the synthesis, functionalization, and application of these materials in nuclear waste treatment. Additionally, we evaluate the chemical toxicity, radiation hazards, and detection strategies for key radionuclides. With their exceptional tunability and superior performance, these advanced porous materials hold significant promises for advancing sustainable nuclear waste management strategies, positioning them as the pivotal sorbent materials in both environmental and industrial applications. This comprehensive review underscores the transformative potential of tailor-made porous materials in mitigating the risks associated with radioactive contamination, marking a significant step toward achieving a cleaner and safer nuclear future.