MOFs, COFs and other porous framework materials for water purification

Abstract

The increasing prevalence of chemically complex and persistent water contaminants necessitates the development of next-generation remediation technologies that combine selectivity, efficiency, and operational robustness. Porous framework materials, including metal–organic frameworks, covalent organic frameworks, porous organic polymers, and supramolecular frameworks, have emerged as highly tunable platforms for water purification, enabled by precise control over pore architecture, surface functionality, and framework chemistry. This review critically examines recent advances in the design and application of these materials for the removal and transformation of inorganic and organic pollutants, including heavy metals, oxyanions, radionuclides, dyes, pharmaceuticals, and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs). Emphasis is placed on elucidating adsorption and catalytic mechanisms, encompassing electrostatic interactions, coordination chemistry, ion exchange, and coupled adsorption–degradation pathways, alongside kinetic and thermodynamic considerations. The role of structural engineering, defect modulation, and post-synthetic functionalization in enhancing selectivity, capacity, and stability under realistic aqueous conditions is discussed. Furthermore, progress in processable architectures and integrated systems for continuous and scalable water treatment is highlighted. Key challenges related to hydrolytic stability, competitive sorption, regeneration, and practical deployment are addressed, providing a perspective on the translation of porous frameworks from laboratory studies to sustainable water remediation technologies. This review aims to bridge fundamental material design with practical implementation, offering insights into the next generation of molecularly engineered solutions for global water security.