One can define the notion of primitive length spectrum for a simple regular periodic graph via counting the orbits of closed reduced primitive cycles under an action of a discrete group of automorphisms. We prove that this ...

Mitochondria, in addition to their well-known function of ATP synthesis, are also involved in a wide variety of cellular processes, such as apoptosis, calcium homeostasis and signalling. Mitochondria are structured by ...

Protein and DNA are two very important macromolecules in living organisms. Both have different kind of functions. DNA encodes the genetic information whereas proteins catalyse the biological reaction. To perform the ...

The nuclear pore complex (NPCs) is required for the regulated import and export of RNA and proteins. NPC is a megadalton multiprotein channel composed of ~ 30 nucleoporins (Nups). In addition to transport, nucleoporins are ...

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is believed to be irreversible although no component of the pathophysiology is irreversible. We show here with a network model that the apparent irreversibility is contributed by the structure ...

Recently there has been a surge of research interest in the magnetoelectric multiferroics, where magnetic and polar orders co-exist. Intense study of magnetoelectric coupling in several materials has shed light on the ...

Leaves are specialized photosynthetic organs that greatly influence the fitness of the plant. Due to extensive selection pressure on leaf size and shape, multiple convergent evolutions resulted in development of phyllids, ...

Bose-Einstein Condensates (BECs) are treated theoretically using the mean field Gross- Pitaevskii (GP) equation. Instead of using the local (δ-function) psueudopotential to account for the symmetric s-wave scattering ...