Origin of Luminescence in Sb3+- and Bi3+-Doped Cs2SnCl6 Perovskites: Excited State Relaxation and Spin–Orbit Coupling

Abstract

Sb3+- and Bi3+-doped Cs2SnCl6 zero-dimensional perovskites are emerging as stable and nontoxic phosphors for light emitting diodes. The outermost s-electrons (ns2) of the dopants are responsible for both light absorption (ns2 to ns1np1) and emission (ns1np1 to ns2). At cryogenic temperatures, the Sb3+ dopant shows two emission peaks, but Bi3+ shows only one emission peak. Why? Here we address such questions, revealing the origin of luminescence in Sb3+- and Bi3+-doped Cs2SnCl6. We find that the emitting excited state ns1np1 is a triplet state 3T1u*. The notation “*” implies spin–orbit coupling between the 3T1u and 1T1u states. After light absorption, 3T1u* is occupied with one electron, which then undergoes Jahn–Teller distortion yielding a relaxed excited state (RES). For the Sb3+ dopant, the combination of Jahn–Teller distortion and spin–orbit coupling gives rise to two minima in RES 3T1u*, resulting in two emission peaks, whereas for the Bi3+ dopant, the spin–orbit coupling significantly dominates over the Jahn–Teller splitting yielding a single minimum in RES 3T1u* and, therefore, a single emission peak.