Ferroelectricity and Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting of Hybrid A2BX4-Type Halogenocuprates Stabilized by Phosphonium Cations

Abstract

Perovskite-structured compounds containing organic cations and inorganic anions have gained prominence as materials for next-generation electronic and energy devices. Hybrid materials possessing ferro- and piezoelectric properties are in recent focus for mechanical energy harvesting (nanogenerator) applications. Here, we report the ferroelectric behavior of A2BX4-type halogenocuprate materials supported by heteroleptic phosphonium cations. These lead-free discrete Cu(II) halides [Ph3MeP]2[CuCl4] (1) and [Ph3MeP]2[CuBr4] (2) exhibit a remnant polarization (Pr) of 17.16 and 26.02 μC cm–2, respectively, at room temperature. Furthermore, flexible polymer films were prepared with various weight percentage (wt %) compositions of 1 in thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) and studied for mechanical energy harvesting applications. A highest peak-to-peak voltage output of 25 V and power density of 14.1 μW cm–2 were obtained for the optimal 15 wt % 1-TPU composite film. The obtained output voltages were utilized for charging a 100 μF electrolytic capacitor that reaches its maximum charging point within 30 s with sizable stored energies and accumulated charges.