Chasing SARS-CoV-2 XBB.1.16 Recombinant Lineage in India and the Clinical Profile of XBB.1.16 Cases in Maharashtra, India

Abstract

Background: SARS-CoV-2 has evolved rapidly, resulting in the emergence of lineages with a competitive advantage over one another. Co-infections with different SARS-CoV-2 lineages can give rise to recombinant lineages. To date, the XBB lineage is the most widespread recombinant lineage worldwide, with the recently named XBB.1.16 lineage causing a surge in the number of COVID-19 cases in India. Methodology: The present study involved retrieval of SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences from India (between December 1, 2022 and April 8, 2023) through GISAID; sequences were curated, followed by lineage and phylogenetic analysis. Demographic and clinical data from Maharashtra, India were collected telephonically, recorded in Microsoft® Excel, and analyzed using IBM® SPSS statistics, version 29.0.0.0 (241). Results:A total of 2,944 sequences were downloaded from the GISAID database, of which 2,856 were included in the study following data curation. The sequences from India were dominated by the XBB.1.16* lineage (36.17%) followed by XBB.2.3* (12.11%) and XBB.1.5* (10.36%). Of the 2,856 cases, 693 were from Maharashtra; 386 of these were included in the clinical study. The clinical features of COVID-19 cases with XBB.1.16* infection (XBB.1.16* cases, 276 in number) showed that 92% of those had a symptomatic disease, with fever (67%), cough (42%), rhinorrhea (33.7%), body ache (14.5%) and fatigue (14.1%) being the most common symptoms. The presence of comorbidity was found in 17.7% of the XBB.1.16* cases. Among the XBB.1.16* cases, 91.7% were vaccinated with at least one dose of vaccine against COVID-19. While 74.3% of XBB.1.16* cases were home-isolated; 25.7% needed hospitalization/institutional quarantine, of these, 33.8% needed oxygen therapy. Out of 276 XBB.1.16* cases, seven (2.5%) cases succumbed to the disease. The majority of XBB.1.16* cases who died belonged to an elderly age group (60 years and above), had underlying comorbid condition/s, and needed supplemental oxygen therapy. The clinical features of COVID-19 cases infected with other co-circulating Omicron variants were similar to XBB.1.16* cases. Conclusion: The study reveals that XBB.1.16* lineage has become the most predominant SARS-CoV-2 lineage in India. The study also shows that the clinical features and outcome of XBB.1.16* cases were similar to those of other co-circulating Omicron lineage infected cases in Maharashtra, India.